India Election

Woman at work :: essays papers

Lady at work Ladies at Work In provincial America, ladies who earned their own living normally became needle workers or kept boardinghouses. In any case, a few ladies worked in callings and occupations accessible generally to men. There were ladies specialists, legal counselors, ministers, educators, scholars, and vocalists. By the mid nineteenth century, be that as it may, satisfactory occupations for working ladies were restricted to manufacturing plant work or local work. Ladies were avoided from the callings, with the exception of composing and instructing. The clinical calling is a case of changed perspectives in the nineteenth and twentieth hundreds of years about what was viewed as appropriate work for ladies. Preceding the 1800s there were practically no clinical schools, and essentially any ambitious individual could rehearse medication. Surely, obstetrics was the area of ladies. Starting in the nineteenth century, the necessary instructive planning, especially for the act of medication, expanded. This would in general forestall numerous young ladies, who wedded early and bore numerous kids, from entering proficient vocations. Albeit home nursing was viewed as an appropriate female occupation, nursing in medical clinics was done only by men. Explicit victimization ladies additionally started to show up. For instance, the American Medical Association, established in 1846, banished ladies from participation. Banished additionally from going to men's clinical schools, ladies joined up with their own for example, the Female Medical College of Pennsylvania, which was built up in 1850. By the 1910s, in any case, ladies were going to many driving clinical schools, and in 1915 the American Medical Association started to concede ladies individuals. In 1890, ladies established around 5 percent of the absolute specialists in the United States. During the 1980s the extent was around 17 percent. Simultaneously the level of ladies specialists was around 19 percent in West Germany and 20 percent in France. In Israel, be that as it may, around 32 percent of the absolute number of specialists and dental specialists were ladies. Ladies additionally had not extraordinarily improved their status in different callings. In 1930 around 2 percent of every single American legal counselor and judges were ladies in 1989, around 22 percent. In 1930 there were practically no ladies designs in the United States. In 1989 the extent of ladies engineers was just 7.5 percent. Conversely, the encouraging calling was an enormous field of work for ladies. In the late 1980s more than twice the same number of ladies as men instructed in basic and secondary schools. In advanced education, in any case, ladies held distinctly around 33% of the showing positions, gathered in such fields as instruction, social assistance, home financial aspects, nursing, and library science. Lady at work :: articles papers Lady at work Ladies at Work In provincial America, ladies who earned their own living typically became sewers or kept boardinghouses. Yet, a few ladies worked in callings and employments accessible for the most part to men. There were ladies specialists, legal counselors, ministers, educators, essayists, and vocalists. By the mid nineteenth century, be that as it may, worthy occupations for working ladies were restricted to industrial facility work or residential work. Ladies were barred from the callings, aside from composing and instructing. The clinical calling is a case of changed perspectives in the nineteenth and twentieth hundreds of years about what was viewed as appropriate work for ladies. Before the 1800s there were practically no clinical schools, and for all intents and purposes any ambitious individual could rehearse medication. To be sure, obstetrics was the area of ladies. Starting in the nineteenth century, the necessary instructive readiness, especially for the act of medication, expanded. This would in general forestall numerous young ladies, who wedded early and bore numerous youngsters, from entering proficient professions. Albeit home nursing was viewed as a legitimate female occupation, nursing in medical clinics was done solely by men. Explicit victimization ladies likewise started to show up. For instance, the American Medical Association, established in 1846, banished ladies from enrollment. Banned additionally from going to men's clinical schools, ladies took on their own for example, the Female Medical College of Pennsylvania, which was set up in 1850. By the 1910s, notwithstanding, ladies were going to many driving clinical schools, and in 1915 the American Medical Association started to concede ladies individuals. In 1890, ladies established around 5 percent of the all out specialists in the United States. During the 1980s the extent was around 17 percent. Simultaneously the level of ladies specialists was around 19 percent in West Germany and 20 percent in France. In Israel, be that as it may, around 32 percent of the all out number of specialists and dental specialists were ladies. Ladies additionally had not enormously improved their status in different callings. In 1930 around 2 percent of every single American legal advisor and judges were ladies in 1989, around 22 percent. In 1930 there were practically no ladies designs in the United States. In 1989 the extent of ladies engineers was just 7.5 percent. Interestingly, the instructing calling was an enormous field of work for ladies. In the late 1980s more than twice the same number of ladies as men educated in basic and secondary schools. In advanced education, in any case, ladies held uniquely around 33% of the showing positions, moved in such fields as instruction, social help, home financial aspects, nursing, and library science.

Read Authors Born in August With This Seasonal Reading Challenge

Read Authors Born in August With This Seasonal Reading Challenge Every bibliophile loves a good reading challenge, right?! The August Birthday Reading Challenge (developed by yours truly) is to read literary works from authors born in August. The hardcore readers who complete the challenge within the month of August get all the bonus points! Lucky for you, weve done the hard work and provided the authors and selections below to get you started. Happy reading! August 1  Moby-Dick by Herman Melville Captain Ahab is on a quest to find the whale that reaped his leg, but said quest quickly turns into fanatical obsession in the novel considered one of the greatest works in literary history. August 2  Go Tell It on the Mountain by James Baldwin Baldwin’s first major work is a semi-autobiographical novel about a fourteen-year-old boy who is the stepson of a minister for a storefront Pentecostal church in Harlem. According to Baldwin, Go Tell It on the Mountain was the book he needed to write if he was ever going to write anything else. August 3  The Children of Men  by P.D. James When the human race has become infertile, and the last generation to be born is now adult, civilization crumbles as suicide and despair become common. Historian Theodore Faron spends most of his time reminiscing the past until he is approached by Julian and her band of unlikely revolutionaries who may hold the key to the survival of the human race. August 4 Ode to the West Wind by Percy Bysshe Shelley Although poems are up for interpretation, many believe this poem expresses hope that the words will inspire those who read it. Since he was a radical, others believe Shelley wanted to spread the message of reform and revolution with the wind being the trope for spreading change. Some people also believe the poem was written to cope for the loss of his son. What’s your interpretation? August 5 A Heart for the Gods of Mexico by Conrad Aiken Blomberg has loved Noni for as long as he can remember. Noni has spent years in a passionless marriage, and now she only has a few months to live. Before she dies, Noni begs Blom to help her go to Mexico to get a divorce and marry the man she loves, Gil, who must remain unaware of Noni’s condition. August 6 I Swim an Ocean in My Sleep by Norma Farber A young boy goes on an underwater adventure where merry mermaids, dancing lobsters, and five-fingered fish become his playmates in this nautical lullaby. August 7 The Summer of the Swans by Betsy Byars Summer for 14-year-old Sara was turning out to be the most confusing time of her life because now she wants to fly away from everyone, but could she fly away from Charlie, the younger brother she loves but grows tired of sometimes? August 8 The Yearling by Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings Jody adopts an orphaned fawn he calls Flag who quickly becomes his best friend and feels like part of the family. When life in the backwoods of Florida become too harsh as his family fights off local wildlife and failing crops, Jody must part with his animal friend. August 9 Flowers for Algernon by Daniel Keyes Charlie is a mentally disabled man who undergoes an experimental brain operation that increases his IQ and changes his life. The experiment seems to be a scientific breakthrough until Algernon, the lab mouse that also underwent this experimentation, begins a sudden and unexpected deterioration. August 10 The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins In the nation of Panem, the annual televised event known as the Hunger Games serves as a reminder of the power and grace of the Capitol. One boy and one girl from each district is selected through a lottery system to participate in the games. The chosen tributes are forced to fight to the death, leaving only one survivor to claim victory. August 11 Roots: The Saga of an American Family by Alex Haley The two-century drama of Kunta Kinte and the six generations who came after himâ€"slaves and freedmen, farmers and blacksmiths, lumber mill workers and Pullman porters, lawyers and architectsâ€"and one author. August 12 Monster by Walter Dean Myers Sixteen-year-old Steve Harmon is on trial for murder and has become a pawn in “the system” full of authority figures and unscrupulous inmates who will turn in anyone to shorten their sentences. To cope, Steve decides to transcribe his trial into a script. August 13 Election by Tom Perrotta Who really cares who gets elected President at Winwood High School? Nobodyâ€"except Tracy Flick. Her heart is set on becoming President of Winwood, and what Tracy wants, Tracy gets, and that’s the problem, according to Mr. McAllister, advisor to the Student Government Association. August 14 Going Home by Danielle Steel Gillian Forrester is filled with the joys of love that she is sure will last forever, but a painful betrayal forces her to flee from San Francisco to New York to start a new life. New York brings Gillian an exciting new career, but when her newfound happiness is shaken to its core, Gillian must choose between her future and her past. August 15 The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo by Stieg Larsson Mikael Blomkvist, a crusading journalist battling a libel case, partners with Lisabeth Salander, a 24-year old pierced and tattooed genius hacker, to solve the case of the disappearance of Harriet Vanger. The unlikely team discovers unfathomable behavior in the Vanger family, corruption in the highest echelons of Swedish business and government, and an unexpected connection between themselves. August 16 The Blacker the Berry by Wallace Thurman In her hometown of Boise, Idaho, Emma Lou Brown’s dark skin is a source of sorrow and humiliation, not only to herself, but to her friends and family with lighter complexions and even to the white community. As a young woman, Emma travels to New York in search of a safe haven in the Black Mecca of 1920s Harlem. August 17 The Journal of Charlotte L. Forten: A Free Negro in the Slave Era by Charlotte Forten Grimké Charlotte Forten was born into an affluent and politically active black family in Philadelphia almost three decades before the Civil War. Her journal reveals her keen observations of life as a black women in America leading up to the Civil War and during the Reconstruction era. August 18 The Cat Ate My Gymsuit by Paula Danziger Marcy’s favorite teacher, Ms. Finney just got fired. Marcy always thought life would be better if she could just lose weight, but the loss of Ms. Finney sparks something inside her. She decides to join the fight to bring her favorite teacher back and discovers her voice might matter more than she ever realized. August 19 Angela’s Ashes by Frank McCourt Born in Depression-era Brooklyn to recent Irish immigrants, Angela and Malachy, Frank endures an impoverished “miserable Irish Catholic childhood.” In this memoir, he recounts this time with astounding humor and compassion. August 20 I Can Hear the Cowbells Ring by Lionel G. García Through autobiographical vignettes, García reconstructs life in a small rural village in South Texas after World War II with portrayals of memorable characters like his crazy uncle Merce, the long suffering village priest, and the town dog. August 21 The Boys in the Band by Mart Crowley In his Upper Eastside Manhattan apartment, Michael is throwing a birthday party for Harold complete with a surprise gift. As the evening continues, unresolved resentments among the guests come to light when a game of “Truth” goes terribly wrong. August 22 Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury Censorship is so prevalent that the “firemen” burn books to keep citizens away from anything that might cause dissent. Guy Montag loves the act of burning, but he has never actually stopped to consider what he is burning, until he meets a strange girl named Clarisse who encourages him to question everything. August 23 Girls in the Grass by Melanie Rae Thon A collection of 11 stories that explores the harsh awakenings of adolescence: eroticism and hypocrisy, love and violence, responsibility and guilt, adult inconstancy, and the random cruelty of life and death. August 24 Labyrinths by Jorge Luis Borges Forty select stories, essays, and parables representing the multi-layered, self-referential, elusive, and allusive writing of Borges edited by Donald Yates and James Irby with an introduction by Borges enthusiast William Gibson. August 25 Black Zodiac by Charles Wright Winner of the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Critics Circle Award, this collection of poems explores faith, religion, heritage, mortality, and aging with grace. August 26 Swordbird by Nancy Yi Fan The blue jays and cardinals of Stone-Run Forest have turned against one another. According to legend, only the Swordbird has the power to restore peace in the land, but is it real or just a myth? August 27 Millicent Min: Girl Genius by Lisa Yee Millicent Min is having a bad summer until she meets Emily, who doesn’t know Millicent’s IQ score and actually thinks Millie is cool. If Millie can hide her awards, ignore her grandmother’s advice, and keep all her lies straight, she might make her first friend. August 28 The Yellow House on the Corner by Rita Dove The debut collection of poetry from Poet Laureate, Rita Dove, including Yellow House on the Corner, the protest poem that challenges our notion of neighborhood and community. August 29 Out of the Dust by Karen Hesse During the heart of the Great Depression, 14-year-old Billie Jo must endure ordeals that no child should have to face, but the quiet strength she displays while dealing with unspeakable loss is as surprising as it is inspiring. August 30   Frankenstein by Mary Shelley Committed science student Victor Frankenstein is obsessed with discovering the cause of life and animating lifeless matter. Frankenstein assembles a human being from stolen body parts, but is horrified by the creature he brings to life. Tormented by isolation and loneliness, the once-innocent creature turns evil and unleashes a campaign of murderous revenge against his creator. August 31 Porgy by DuBose Heyward Porgy is a crippled street-beggar who lives just on the edge of maintaining his livelihood and trusts his fate to chance. His one shining moment is his pursuit of Bess, whom he wins and then loses during one summer of passion and violence. So are you accepting the challenge to read books by authors born in August, in August? Which book are you reading first?

A Strategic Situational Analysis of the Microsoft Corporation Free Essay Example, 1750 words

Environmental factors such as scarce natural resources, conservation of ecosystems through recycling and reduced use of paper are promoting the concept of paperless age. These trends have a beneficial impact on the IT industry, which is replacing paper modes of communication and data processing storage with electronic means. Natural disasters as the Asian Tsunami and the series of hurricanes in the US can also impact upon the organization adversely. Social Cultural factors consist of changing demographics, patterns of employment, lifestyles, and attitudes. More and more people are becoming technology savvy and the new generations are highly computer literate. A higher percentage of women across the world are employed, increasing the consumer base for computer products. The concept of home computers is well accepted. The aging population of the world may hold adverse effects for the industry in the time to come, as the number of people working will be drastically reduced up to 35% of the population while over 50% will be retired. Technological developments include wide-scale use of personal computers, the rapid growth of Internet usage and integration of information technology to drive key processes of organizations. We will write a custom essay sample on A Strategic Situational Analysis of the Microsoft Corporation or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now IT solutions as Decision Support Systems, Data Mining, and Warehousing, IT Aided Customer Relationship Management programs, Computer Aided Designing and Production Facilities, Transaction Processing Systems and host of other IT integrated business processes are increasingly used as leverage of competitive advantage. The convergence of multi media options of audio, video and data is providing powerful usage options, further expanding product potential. Legal factors impinging upon companies as Microsoft can be seen in the Anti Trust laws, regulation of mergers and acquisitions monopolistic market practices. The legislature is also impacting upon the company in the form of renewed focus on copyright and intellectual property laws striking hard against software piracy activities.

A Mission Statement For Your Home Computer - 924 Words

2. What is a mission statement? What is a vision statement? What is a values statement? Why are they important? A mission statement is a key tool that can be used to define an organization’s statement of purpose- who they are and what they do. A good mission statement can communicate succinctly what the target goals and consumers of the organization are. On the other hand, a vision statement is communicates the underlying reason why the company seeks to accomplish their mission statement and provides a strategy on how to implement their goals. A values statement describes the beliefs of the organization. This statement essentially highlights what set of values the organization subscribes to. Mission, vision and value statements are all an important part of any organization’s message to its employees and consumers. An effective statement can serve as a set of guidelines and metrics for employees to measure goals. In addition, effective statements can function as great marketing tools to consumers. 3. Design an incident response plan for your home computer if there is a fire exploring actions taken before, during and after the incident (see page 85 in book for a hint). Before Fire Incident: Users: 1. Preparation- ensure that you user has been trained in incident response to handle potential incidents and hazards. Prior security awareness training is highly recommended. 2. Make sure that all computer hardware, circuits and outlets are properly working. 3. Check fire alarmsShow MoreRelatedThe Characteristics Of Information Security1156 Words   |  5 Pagescannot read, alter or gain access to it. This creates a layer of protection so that the information can be deciphered only by the authorized parties. The goal of using an encryption system is to protect the privacy of any digitally stored data on a computer system or data transmitted through the internet. Encryption can help protect systems fight viruses and malware that can be used to gain access to private information. Breach of confidential information can spell disaster for any organization andRead MoreAnalysis Of Lee Canter s Video The Power Of Mission 985 Words   |  4 PagesIn Lee Canter’s video â€Å"The Power of Mission† (1993) he questions the initial motives that teachers had entering the field. Many teachers entering the field of education have a crystal clear view of what they want to accomplish. However, as time progresses teachers lose sight of wha t they wanted to do (Canter, 1993). They become bogged down by the demands of the job and life and have a hard time seeing the beauty in what they do. Canter offers a remedy for teachers all teachers, especially those who’veRead MoreStrategic Management : Objectives And Objectives Essay1493 Words   |  6 Pagessales and to focus on computer related products and services. This is one of the cases of how strategic management process was used to improve the business operations. This involved re- assessing all the products and services, groping employee performance, procurement rate, delivery progression and customer satisfaction. 2. The possible advantages of having a well-defined and narrow versus broad and general vision/mission statement is that a well defined vision/mission statement can be motivatingRead MoreEssay about informative speech Bill Gates1577 Words   |  7 Pageswriting your informative speech that’s a third of our grade, during every break I had. We all, including myself, procrastinate. We can all thank Bill Gates for making our times of procrastination slightly more bearable by creating the Microsoft software that is accessible, easy to use and constantly evolving to meet consumer needs.    B. Thesis Statement:  Today I am going to inform you about Bill Gates who invented Microsoft software and started what is now known as the largest computer softwareRead MoreWhat Makes A Business?926 Words   |  4 PagesMajoring in business can be quite amusing because your able to work in almost any business whether it’s in the stock market industry, fashion industry, Design industry, or even technology industry. So why study business? Well there are many different business degrees to choose from, offering different benefits and specializations to people with different career goals and people who are also developing at different stages. I believe that business people always strive for being transparent becauseRead MoreThe On The Integrity Of An Asset Is Reliable, Precise And Is Not Altered By Unauthorized People1390 Words   |  6 Pagesto access a resource (pre queries formatted to access a database for example). Three organizational principles involved in addressing the threats related to integrity: the least privilege that gives the minimum necessary rights to carry out its mission and the separation of power / responsibilities that splits actions allowing a serial passage or modification of any entry into a number of responsibilities, in order to make it harder to fraud or unauthorized modification, requiring several levelsRead MorePolicy and Strategy Essay1035 Words   |  5 Pageshow they differ in strategy management and implementation while simultaneously identifying the importance of strategic management. Let us begin with a brief history of both companies. Best Buy Mission Statement: Best Buy’s vision is to make life fun and easy for consumers. The company‟s stated mission is to treat customers as unique individuals, meeting their needs with end-to-end solutions, and engaging and energizing its employees to serve them, while maximizing overall profitability. Read MoreCloud Computing : Cutting Edge Technology1351 Words   |  6 Pagesis eco-friendly and will back up your mission statement by protecting and beautifying the world. Project Description Cloud computing allows the owner to build a private infrastructure as a service for their company. Once installed, you will gain capacity in your workplace since it operates much like a cloud, hovering above instead of occupying space around you. Your company can grant various users the capability to interact on your cloud, therefore giving access toRead MoreWhat Is The Validity Of A Website?831 Words   |  4 PagesWhen measuring a website’s reliability the elements to considered would consist of who runs this website and what is their mission, can you contact the organization, and do they want your personal information (National Library of Medicine, 2012). When critiquing MyHealth.Alberta.ca it is clearly labelled as a Government of Alberta website. The mission statement was found under the â€Å"About Us† link which stated the intention of the site was to help Albertans retrieve easy-to-understand health informationRead MoreEssay about Navigating the Online Environm ent Guide1330 Words   |  6 PagesOnline Learning Environment Navigation Guide Introduction Learning how to navigate the online classroom environment is essential to your academic success. GCU’s Learning Management System (LMS) LoudCloud and the GCU Web site have many resources to help you become a successful graduate student. Directions View the LoudCloud Walk to Class Tutorial as well as search LoudCloud to find answers to the first 9 questions below. Search the GCU Web site for answers to the second set of 10 questions

Ellen Dougherty Biography Free Essays

Ellen Dougherty was a significant person in the world of healthcare. She dedicated her life to improving conditions of medical institutions. She started as an acting matron at Wellington District Hospital and later took post matron of Palmerston North Hospital. We will write a custom essay sample on Ellen Dougherty Biography or any similar topic only for you Order Now She became the world’s first registered nurse in New Zealand. Ellen Dougherty was born in on September 20, 1844 in Cutters Bay, Marlborough, New Zealand. Ellen was around five years old when her family moved to Wellington. Her father had become a maritime pilot there. They stayed in the pilot house on Palmar Head. Life for her and her siblings there was difficult and secluded. They received their education mostly through reading their fathers library, their parents, and a governess. (New Zealand Encyclopedia) Ellen started training as a nurse after learning about Florence Nightingale. She started working at the Wellington District Hospital in 1855. It is believed that she worked with Charles Barraud in his pharmacy before she began training as a nurse, which helped her in her. In 1877 she completed her certificate in nursing, she also had distinction in senior anatomy. After completing her nursing certificate, she was the head of the hospitals accident word and ran the surgery ward. Since the appointed person to succeed the matron was unavailable, Ellen became the acting matron when Elizabeth Hermansen, the matron, became ill. When the appointed matron returned, Ellen accepted the job as post matron of Palmerston North Hospital. When Ellen arrived at the Palmerston North Hospital she quickly discovered that little to nothing had been done in providing basic materials for the hospital, and money was scarce. Her first concern was making sure there was an adequate supply of linen since antibiotics were not around yet. Keeping the linen changed was their way to help prevent the spread of infection. One of her contributions was organizing sewing bees with her family to sew sheets, pillow-cases, and bandages. Her job was very demanding. Since there was construction for the North Island’s main railway line there were many accidents relating to it. Ellen had to preform several things since doctors were not always available for them. On top of her other duties, Ellen ran the hospital’s dispensary. In 1899 she was formally registered as a pharmacist. In September 1901, New Zealand was the first country to have separate legislation for the registration and regulation of nursing. The Nurses registration act became law in 1902. Any nurse that had trained could apply to have their name on the register list. On January 10, 1902 Ellen became registered. Her name was the first one to go down on the list and that is how she literally became the world’s first registered nurse. Ellen retired from Palmerston and had grown the hospital to twice is original size in a period when she had chief administration responsibility. (New Zealand Encyclopedia) She passed away on November 3, 1919. She left behind a legacy and contributions. She was greatly admired for her work and determination in the field. How to cite Ellen Dougherty Biography, Papers

Information Technology and Logistics Management

Abstract Information technology is a factor that no firm can afford to ignore given the wake of globalization. Each firm is going global and management of every sector is not as simple as it used to be in the past.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Information Technology and Logistics Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, efficiency and effectiveness as regards delivery of services are given much weight than they were given in the past. As far as logistics management is concerned, there has been renewed urge for exceptional performance. The paper looks at the concept of information technology. It begins by defining what information technology is and goes on to enumerate the components of information technology. Thereafter, it gives the advantages of information technology in logistics management. Introduction There is virtually no organization that can operate without information systems in the curr ent economic environment, where keeping up with the level of changing technology is a necessity. A firm can operate efficiently hence reducing costs if a state-of-the-art information system is put in place. Though information needs are different in various organizations, it is a general agreement that all these firms depend on the information system just as a car depends on the engine. Different sections of an organization have different roles; hence, they require different types of information systems. Logistics management has proofed to play a key role in cost reduction as well as improving relationships between a firm and its partners in the market, consequently boosting a firm’s competitive advantage.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this regard, information technology has been found to have immense benefits on logistics management. Information Technology The wa y businesses operate has highly changed and the necessity of information for the survival of organizations has increased. Due to advancement in technology, employees of all levels in any organization require smooth flow of information in order to make informed decisions besides measuring their performance. For this reason, organizations have found it paramount to put in place information systems to monitor the flow of information (Joia, 2003). An information system not only integrates business processes and computes knowledge for processing and storing, but also facilitates transmission of important information for the decision-making process in the organization. On the same note, an information system assists in coordination, visualization, control and analysis in an organization. For an organization to keep up with the changes in the business environment, it must have in place an effective information system function which should be able to come up with new software that matches w ith the level of technological advancements (Rushton, Oxley Croucher, 2000).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Information Technology and Logistics Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This role is performed by programmers who are specialists in software engineering. In addition, the raw data that is received by the information systems is processed into useful and easily understood data by the system analysts. Moreover, there is need to have a continuous evaluation of the current programs and either advance their use or come up with new ones in order to ensure organizational progress. To meet this need the information systems unit through the knowledge officers seeks for new sources of information, or ways through which the current information can be made more useful for the benefit of the organization. It is important for any organization to try as much as possible and prevent leakage of its important and confidential information because this could be misused by its competitors or even enemies (Sudalaimuthu Raj, 2009). As a result, the role of information system function includes ensuring security of the information systems as well as making the management aware of the existing security threats. Components of Information Technology Infrastructure Components of information technology infrastructure can be divided into five broad groups which include computer hardware, computer software, data management technology, telecommunications technology and networking. To ensure efficiency and effectiveness of the information systems, all these components of the information technology infrastructure must work in synchronization with each other (Sheffi, 2012). Computer hardware is composed of the technology that inputs, processes, stores and outputs data.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It also includes the equipments that are used in the process of data collection as well as those used in delivering the processed information to desired destinations. In addition, information technology infrastructure consists of the programs which instruct the computers on the type of functions to perform at any given point in time. These programs, which are known as computer software, can be divided into system software and applications software (Wang, 2012). While some firms may choose to have their software custom programmed, others choose to purchase them from outside. A firm’s data needs to be organized and be made available to users in a form that the users can easily interpret so that they can be able to take necessary actions. This function is achieved through the help of data management technology, which not only processes but also manages and organizes business data. On the same note, an information technology infrastructure is also composed of telecommunications t echnology and networking (Horch, 2009). Besides providing data, these components also provide voice and video connectivity not only to employees but also to suppliers and customers of the firm. In addition, these components provide the technology of maintaining web sites and internal networks as well as enabling connection to other computer systems. Advantages of Proper Logistics Management Logistics management is the process interconnection among organizations, which involves the flow of resources of production, information, finances and finished products that helps in facilitating production, marketing, and selling of goods and services. It is a two way process and can either be downstream where it begins from the supplier of raw materials and flows through the manufacturer to the wholesaler the retailer and lastly to the consumer, or upstream in which case the chain starts from the consumer passing through the retailer, the wholesaler, the manufacturer and ends at the supplier. L ogistics management is for that reason, the management of the supply chain system to ensure efficient, smooth running and well coordination of the chain of supply in order to take advantage of it (Sinha 2009). Furthermore, Logistics management involves the incorporation of important aspects that add value to the consumer over and above that of the partners in the supply chain. Producers expect to receive inputs of production at the right time, to ensure that production process is carried on without interruption because interruption interferes with the entire supply chain since the commodity will not be available for delivery to buyers. In addition to that, higher inventory kept by producers, higher storage costs and consequently lowered the profit margin. Therefore, producers desire to maintain at its minimum possible quantity in order to reduce storage costs. At the same time, suppliers expect to receive payment in time to cater for their expenses and therefore enable them to cont inue supplying. On top of that, wholesalers, chain stores and other retailers expect a Continuous supply of commodities to ensure that they do not run short of any commodity, while they want the level of inventories to be at minimum since huge inventory increases storage cost but bring no income (Bolstorff Rosenbaum 2012). On top of that, it is to the advantage of the producers, wholesalers and retailers if consumers find the commodity they are looking for on the shelves of their local retail shops always because this will help in boosting consumers’ confidence. On top of that, availability of commodities near to consumers’ locality all times is very important not only in maintaining current consumers, but also in attracting new ones. These expectations can only be realized if proper and efficient management of the supply chain is put in place thus making certain that the flow either downstream or upstream is continuous, well-timed and cost-effective (Sinha 2009). Inf ormation Technology in Logistics Management For an organization to succeed in the highly competitive business environment, it should be prepared to react to the changes that take place efficiently. It is the applications of an organization that controls the execution of functions within the organization and also directs the operations in various departments. Information technology ensures that all applications of an organization are working properly. Furthermore, the flow of information to and from various units of the organization as well as from the external business environment is highly influenced by the organizational applications (Cao Zhang, 2012). Generally, the enterprise applications allow for consolidation of organizational operations across different units or departments for easy management. Examples of enterprise applications include the logistics information system which combines the important business processes into a single central data handling unit. This eliminates data fragmentation that complicates data management, thus enhancing information sharing among various business units. On the same note, logistics application makes management of suppliers easier by ensuring that information about all aspects related to the relationship between the organization and the suppliers is easily accessible when needed (Radhakrishnan, 2001). On the other hand, intranet increases consolidation of information besides speeding up the flow of information between different business units. The integration between one department and the others is very essential for timely decisions and making of follow-ups whenever necessary (Wang, 2012). In this regard, intranet comes in handy as it enables internal connection among various departments of the organization thus allowing smooth communication besides securely storing the organization’s policies and programs. Present also is the position control system, which is used to identify various job positions present i n the logistics department, current employee serving the position and the job title within the position. This helps the manager in knowing which positions are supposed to be filled. Information technology is also crucial in screening of job applicants, evaluation and selection in order to fill open positions. It is important to note that, performance information system is present and contains data related to appraisal, and productivity information of each employee (Sheffi, 2012). To cope with the dynamic job environment, the organization deemed it essential to continuously train their staff as well as encourage skill development through employee training and development system. The system enables the manager to ensure that the training offered matched the specific requirements within the organization, and that it was directed to those who were bound to benefit from it according to the skills inventory system. The level of integration in the supply chain system highly depends on the number of components that are involved as well as the complexity of each component. It should be noted that every aspect of the supply chain should be taken care of properly for the benefits of the firm (Cao Zhang, 2012). Information needs to be incorporated in the system as it helps in collection of feedback from the customers so that effective action can be taken in time to avoid any losses that might be imminent. Products must reach the consumer who is the final person in the chain and therefore anybody or firm that can help in delivering the product to the final consumer efficiently should be integrated in the system (Sinha, 2009). Information technology helps in ensuring information to all stakeholders and feedback is efficient. Ability of the firm to secure competitive advantage over its competitors enables the firm to emerge the winner during competition, and this can be achieved through proper management of the supply chain of the firm. Supply chain management requires that a firm carries out its competencies but outsource what requires specialization (Bolstorff Rosenbaum 2012). Additionally, information technology hastens turnover expansion through value addition by involving manufacturers in assisting retailers to reduce their costs of operation especially by delivering commodities just when they are needed thus reducing the retailers’ cost of holding inventory. When a partner organization in the supply chain recognizes that there is a possibility of reducing operation costs by being in the system, it becomes more willing to be part of the system hence increasing competitive advantage (Bolstorff Rosenbaum 2012). Additionally, through proper supply chain management, a company is capable of realizing areas of weakness of the partners. The firm can, therefore, rectify the same by helping in these areas and in turn the partner will be forced to stick with the firm; hence, gaining competitive advantage over the competitors. On the same note, sup ply chain management helps in the reduction of operational expenses especially costs of maintaining high inventories of either raw materials or finished products or the transportation costs which mostly increases because of sending low quantities of a commodity each time (Cao Zhang, 2012). By efficiently managing supply, transportation is well-coordinated and as a result goods are sent only when they are required, and this is always harmonized in a way that retailers in the same area can be supplied at the same time thus, eliminating chances of vehicles wasting space on their supply trips. It should be noted that efficiency and effectiveness are key when it comes to logistics management. A problem in one department can make the whole business to come to a halt. Consequently, speed detection of any factor that may seem to hinder execution of duties is crucial. Information technology is very vital because it helps in speeding up the process of problem detection as well as problem-sol ving. Moreover, information technology hastens the process of decision making thus reducing time wasted and enhancing productivity (Sudalaimuthu Raj, 2009). Similarly, there is need of speed in the current business world given the high level of competition. Additionally, firms have gone global and there is increased need to link services between one branch and the other. Information technology offers a platform through which all these questions can be answered. Cycle time is arguably one of the most sensitive factors to consider when it comes to logistics management. This directly affects inventory levels and consequently storage costs. However, by improving distribution channels, information technology is able to reduce cycle times, thus reducing the levels of inventories held at a particular moment (Wang, 2012). This tremendously reduces the costs of all stakeholders. On the same note, information technology makes it easier for the stocks held by stores in a particular region to be known. As a result, transportation to these areas can be merged thus reducing not only the number of vehicles on the road but also transportation costs and other risks involved (Rushton, Oxley Croucher, 2000). On the same note, implementation of change is a very crucial process and must be handled carefully. If change is wrongly administered, the probability of the whole process failing is very high. Many organizations, therefore, struggle to know the best method of implementing any change. Nevertheless, information technology helps logistics managers to know which section is not performing well and what is required to increase output (Sheffi, 2012). Knowing the exact change that is required is also made easy. Moreover, information technology streamlines the whole process of change implementation. Notably, with many firms now opting for electronic business, no sector should lag behind. E-commerce has gained popularity among many people. It reduces the distance that one has to wa lk to shop for goods and services (Horch, 2009). Moreover, it reduces paperwork and increases market share of a firm. In this regard, information technology is inevitable given that all business partners will want to go online. Consequently, information technology has to form part of logistics management (Sinha, 2009). Factors Affecting Information Technology Capacity planning and scalability form the main issues in management of hardware and software technology. Capacity planning is concerned with ensuring that the firm is able to meet its current and future computing needs. Scalability, on the other hand, means taking into consideration the possibility of increase in the firm’s scale of operations in the future (Joia, 2003). Therefore, the infrastructure installed should have the ability to expand and accommodate increased number of users without breaking down. On the same note, the issue of costing is paramount in management of infrastructure. It is important to ensure tha t the cost of installation, maintenance costs, technical support costs and all other costs related to the housing of the technology are included in the total cost of ownership. Therefore, when valuing the software and hardware all costs, including direct, indirect and hidden costs should be taken into consideration. On the other hand, any firm needs to consider the benefits that it can get if it outsources some services and the cost implications of the same. If it is feasible to outsource, then it is advisable to do so for this helps in elimination of other costs that could have been incurred (Radhakrishnan, 2001). On the same note, a firm can also consider the possibility of maintaining optimum capacity and hire the extra services during peak times. Similarly, the firm can also choose to rent software functions or buy them depending on their needs and the cost implication. Emerging Issues in Supply Chain Management Globalization has brought about new challenges into the process of supply chain management hence, forcing the organizations involved in the supply chain system to come up with new ways of tackling supply chain issues. To begin with, globalization has brought about internationalization, where companies have ventured into international markets where tax structures are different from those in their home countries. This has necessitated supply chain management to take into consideration the tax structures of various countries where the partners of the chain system will be operating, because it has been depicted that tax structures highly influences the profit margins (Bolstorff Rosenbaum 2012). As a result, a new strategy of supply chain management, known as tax efficient supply chain management, which ensures that global firms take advantage of the difference in tax structures to increase their profits has been developed. The need to go beyond delivery of the commodity to the consumer and look at how waste materials are disposed as well as environmen tal sustainability also poses a new challenge. This has led to the emergence of the concept of reverse logistics, which also should be taken into consideration. On top of that, traditionally linear supply chain management was very effective because substitutes were minimal and competition was not stiff. On the contrary, globalization has increased competition as well as substitutes and linear supply chain management system availability is no longer feasible which has compelled firms to look for a new mode of management (Sinha 2009). Conclusion Information system is inevitable in any organization, and therefore efforts must be made towards customization of the systems to fit the requirements of the organization. Supply chain management plays a key role in increasing competitive advantage of any company, therefore, increasing its profit margin; consequently, it is very important today’s management. Unfortunately, expansion of international trade has made the business environmen t to change continuously thus compelling firms to work day and night and come up with advanced ways of managing the supply chain in order to remain competitive. Employees may lack the knowledge needed to run the information systems, hence a specialized department of information technology should be incorporated in the organization, to ensure that everything involving the information system is given proper concern. References Bolstorff, P. Rosenbaum, G. R. (2012). Supply Chain Excellence, New York: AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Cao, M. Zhang, Q. (2012). Supply Chain Collaboration: Roles of Interorganizational Systems, Trust, and Collaborative Culture. New York: Springer. Horch, N. (2009). Management Control of Global Supply Chains. Norderstedt: BoD-Books on Demand. Joia, L. A. (2003). IT-based Management: Challenges and Solutions. Hilliard: Ideal Group Inc. Radhakrishnan, P. (2001). Logistics and Supply Chain Management. Mumbai: Allied Publishers. Rushton, A., Oxley, J. Croucher , P. (2000). The Handbook of Logistics and Distribution Management. London: Kogan Page Publishers. Sheffi, Y. (2012). Logistics Clusters: Delivering Value and Driving Growth. Cambridge: MIT Press. Sinha, A 2009, Supply Chain Management: Collaboration, Planning, Execution and Co-ordination, Mumbai: Global India Publishers. Sudalaimuthu, S. Raj, S. A. (2009). Logistics management for International Business: Text and Cases. New Delhi: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. Wang, J. (2012). Information Technologies, Methods, and Techniques of Supply Chain Management. Hershey: IGI Global Snippet. 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